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An adult patient presents with severe left-sided abdominal/flank pain with radiation down towards the groin.

1. List (4) sonographic features of obstructive renal colic. 4 marks

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2. List (3) sonographic terms used to identify and confirm the presence of a renal calculus. 3 marks

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3. List (3) renal conditions, or conditions affecting the kidneys, which may be mistaken for hydronephrosis. 3 marks

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4. What is the correct ultrasound probe to use for the above diagnosis and why? 2 marks

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