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A 10-year-old boy has been brought to your ED with anaphylaxis.

1. Other than adrenaline and IV fluids, list (4) other treatment options for life-threatening symptoms of refractory anaphylaxis. 4 marks

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2. In the table below, list (2) different types of anaphylaxis and their respective pathophysiological mechanisms. 4 marks

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3. List (4) criteria for safe discharge from the ED. 4 marks

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4. List (2) indications for allergy specialist referral following discharge from the Emergency Department. 2 marks

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5. Explain the steps of how to use an Epipen to his parent. 4 marks

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