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A 6-year-old girl is brought in by her mother with abdominal pain and a history of not passing urine for more than 12 hours. You suspect urinary retention.

1. List (4) possible causes of this. 4 marks

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2. List and justify (3) investigations you would do as work-up in the ED. 3 marks

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Bladder ultrasound shows a large bladder.

3. Outline the steps to address her urinary retention in the ED. 5 marks

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