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A 68-year-old man presents to your ED in septic shock secondary to urosepsis. He remains hypotensive (MAP < 65 mmHg) despite 30 mL/kg of crystalloid resuscitation. You are planning to initiate vasopressor support.

1. Define shock. (1 mark) 1 mark

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2. State (2) physiologic complications of untreated shock. (2 marks) 2 marks

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3. List (3) scoring systems or tools which may be used to assess severity or prognosis in patients with shock. For each, state one (1) key feature or variable it includes. (3 marks) 3 marks

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4. Compare noradrenaline, adrenaline and metaraminol in the management of septic shock by stating (1) advantage and (1) disadvantage of each. (6 marks) 6 marks

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