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A 26-year-old male presents to a rural emergency department with severe atraumatic left scrotal pain. Testicular torsion is suspected.

1. List three important historical features that would favour a diagnosis of testicular torsion. 3 marks

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2. List three examination findings that favour a diagnosis of torsion. 3 marks

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3. List three alternative differential diagnoses. 3 marks

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Your suspicion of testicular torsion is further strengthened after your clinical assessment of the patient. The urologist at your nearest referral hospital asks you to attempt manual detorsion prior to urgent transfer

4. Describe the advantage of, and technique for manual detorsion of this patient. 3 marks

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