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A 65-year-old man presents with acute atraumatic lower back pain.

1. List seven key history features that may suggest serious underlying pathology. 7 marks

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After taking your history you are concerned about possible cauda equina syndrome.

2. List four examination findings that would support your diagnosis. 4 marks

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3. List the most important immediate investigation and the most important treatment if confirmed. 2 marks

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4. List the most common cause and four other causes for cauda equina syndrome. 5 marks

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