A 15-year-old boy is brought into your tertiary Emergency Department with acute scrotal pain, nausea and vomiting.

1. State (4) difficulties or β€˜traps’ in the clinical diagnosis of testicular torsion. 4 marks

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2. List (4) differential diagnoses of acute scrotum in this age group. 4 marks

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3. State the utility / findings of ultrasound in (3) different causes of acute scrotum. 3 marks

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4. What is the testicular salvage rate at 4 hours compared to 24 hours? 1 mark

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